c. 200 BC || Construction of the Terracotta Army

In ancient China, a remarkable feat of construction took place around 200 BC that would amaze the world centuries later – the creation of the Terracotta Army. This army, consisting of thousands of life-size terracotta soldiers and horses, was commissioned by Qin Shi Huang, the first emperor of China. Today, it stands as one of the world's most captivating archaeological discoveries. Each soldier in the Terracotta Army is unique, with carefully crafted details and expressions, showcasing the remarkable skills of ancient artisans. Excavations have revealed that the army was constructed to protect the emperor in the afterlife, surrounded by his loyal soldiers. The scale and precision of this undertaking are awe-inspiring. The sheer number of soldiers unearthed thus far suggests that the construction process must have been an enormous endeavor. Excavations continue to unveil new discoveries, shedding light on the rich history and culture of ancient China. Join us as we delve into the fascinating world of the Terracotta Army, exploring the history, significance, and ongoing excavations that continue to captivate enthusiasts and historians alike. Experience the wonder of these remarkable soldiers and discover the secrets they hold.

Historical Background of the Construction

The Terracotta Army, one of the greatest archaeological finds of the 20th century, is a testament to the grandiosity of ancient China. It was built during the reign of Emperor Qin Shi Huang, the first emperor of unified China, around 200 BC. An advocate of Legalism, a philosophy that prioritized order and control, Qin Shi Huang is known for his ambitious projects, including the precursor to the Great Wall of China and his own mausoleum, guarded by the Terracotta Army.

The emperor's obsession with achieving immortality led him to construct a grand mausoleum, which was intended to serve as his palace in the afterlife. The Terracotta Army, a part of this mausoleum, was designed to protect the emperor, ensuring his rule even in death. The project was started soon after Qin Shi Huang ascended the throne and reportedly took 700,000 laborers and 38 years to complete.

The creation of the Terracotta Army was an unparalleled feat, showcasing the advanced technology, resources, and artistic capability of the Qin dynasty. The army was strategically placed east of the emperor's tomb, a location believed to be the birthplace of the Qin people and the direction from which they believed threats would emerge.

Discovery and Excavation of the Terracotta Army

The Terracotta Army was discovered by local farmers drilling a well in Lintong District, Xi'an, Shaanxi province in 1974. The discovery was reported to local authorities, and the significance of the find was quickly realized. Chinese archaeologists began excavating the site and were astounded by the sheer scale and intricacy of the army.

The Terracotta Army was found in three separate pits, each containing different types of military formations. The first pit, the largest, contains infantrymen and chariots. The second pit houses cavalrymen, archers, and charioteers, while the third pit, believed to be the command post, contains high-ranking officers and a war chariot.

Despite more than four decades of excavation, a considerable portion of the mausoleum remains unexcavated. The grave of Qin Shi Huang himself has yet to be opened, with experts citing concerns over preservation and the potential risk of damaging the site.

The Purpose and Significance of the Terracotta Army

The Terracotta Army was sculpted and arranged to serve as an eternal guard for Emperor Qin Shi Huang, protecting him in his journey through the afterlife. The soldiers' placement according to rank and duty, the realistic weaponry, and the inclusion of horses and chariots all indicate a belief in an afterlife where the social and military structure of the earthly realm would continue.

The army holds immense cultural and historical significance, providing invaluable insight into the military, cultural, and technological aspects of the Qin Dynasty. The individuality of each soldier, from facial expressions to clothing and hairstyles, gives a unique glimpse into the diversity and complexity of ancient Chinese society.

The Terracotta Army also stands as a testament to the power and influence of Emperor Qin Shi Huang, whose reign marked the beginning of unified China. It reflects the emperor's obsession with immortality and the lengths he went to ensure his eternal rule.

Construction Process and Techniques Used

The construction of the Terracotta Army showcases the extraordinary craftsmanship and advanced technology of the Qin Dynasty. The soldiers were made using local clay, sculpted in sections, then assembled and finished with intricate details. The heads, arms, torsos, and legs were created separately and then luted together.

The terracotta clay was fired at high temperatures to harden it, a process that required advanced knowledge of kiln technology. After firing, the figures were painted, likely with bright colors, although the paint has faded or peeled off over the centuries.

The sheer volume and uniformity of the figures suggest the use of an early form of assembly line production. This efficient and organized approach to construction is consistent with the Legalist beliefs of the Qin Dynasty, which valued order and efficiency.

Detailed Description of the Terracotta Army

The Terracotta Army is an incredible sight, with thousands of life-sized soldiers, horses, and chariots lined up in battle formation. Each figure is unique, with distinct facial features, expressions, and hairstyles, and even the horses are portrayed with individualized features.

The soldiers are grouped according to rank and function, with infantrymen, archers, cavalrymen, and charioteers each occupying their own sections. The figures carry real weapons, many of which were chrome-plated to prevent rust. The attention to detail extends to the clothing and armor of the figures, which accurately reflect the style and materials of the time.

The Terracotta Army is housed in a large museum complex, with the three separate pits covered by modern structures to protect the figures from the elements. Visitors can view the figures from walkways that encircle the pits, providing a panoramic view of this impressive archaeological site.

Preservation and Restoration Efforts

Preserving the Terracotta Army is a significant challenge, given the fragility of the figures and the age of the site. The figures were originally painted, but exposure to air caused the paint to peel off within minutes of excavation. This led to significant research and development in preservation techniques to prevent further damage.

Restoration of the figures is a painstaking process, with many of the soldiers found in fragments and requiring careful reassembly. Each piece is meticulously cleaned, documented, and restored to its original form. The preservation and restoration work is ongoing, with new techniques and technologies continually being developed.

Efforts are also being made to preserve the site itself, with the mausoleum and surrounding area declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1987. This ensures that the site is protected and managed according to international standards.

Impact of the Terracotta Army on Archaeology and Chinese History

The discovery of the Terracotta Army has had a profound impact on our understanding of ancient China. It provides tangible evidence of the military might, artistic capability, and technological advancements of the Qin Dynasty. The Terracotta Army is a valuable source of information about ancient Chinese warfare, culture, and society.

The Terracotta Army also plays a significant role in Chinese nationalism, serving as a symbol of China's long and illustrious history. It has contributed to a renewed interest in China's past and has become a source of pride for the Chinese people.

In the field of archaeology, the Terracotta Army has sparked advances in preservation techniques and has highlighted the importance of archaeological ethics, particularly regarding the excavation and treatment of human remains.

Tourist Attractions and Visitor Experience at the Terracotta Army Site

Today, the Terracotta Army is one of China's most popular tourist attractions, drawing millions of visitors each year. The site has been developed into a large museum complex, allowing visitors to view the figures up close and learn about their history and significance.

Visitors can explore the three pits where the soldiers are displayed, as well as additional exhibitions showcasing the weapons, chariots, and other artifacts found at the site. The museum also offers interactive displays and educational programs, making it a fascinating experience for both adults and children.

A visit to the Terracotta Army is a journey back in time, offering a unique glimpse into an ancient civilization and its beliefs about life, death, and the afterlife. It is a testament to the power and grandeur of China's first emperor and a reminder of the remarkable achievements of ancient Chinese artisans.

Conclusion

The Terracotta Army, with its thousands of life-sized figures, is a marvel of ancient Chinese art and technology. It serves as a tangible link to China's past, providing a unique window into the culture, society, and beliefs of the Qin Dynasty. As excavations continue and new discoveries are made, the Terracotta Army continues to captivate and inspire, a testament to the enduring legacy of Emperor Qin Shi Huang and the remarkable civilization he ruled.

Efforts to preserve and restore the Terracotta Army ensure that this incredible archaeological site will continue to awe and educate future generations. Whether you're a history enthusiast, an art lover, or simply a curious traveler, a visit to the Terracotta Army offers an unforgettable experience, a journey into the heart of ancient China.

• Qin Shi Huang